Leendert Gaillard 1741-1819

Early Life 1741-1771

Leendert Gaillard was probably born in the last week of April 1741[Note 1], the sixth-born and fourth-surviving child of Anthonie Gaillard and Helena Vinkestijn. He was baptised at De Groote Kerk in Den Haag on 30 April. The official witnesses to his baptism were his uncle Albertus Gaillard, and Albertus's wife Elisabeth Wijmers[2].

It is not clear who Leendert was named after, if anyone. There was a Leendert Vinkestijn living in the city at the time, but it is not certain how he was related to our Leendert's mother, if at all. The name does not seem to appear previously in the Gaillard family. On official records in later life his name would appear in its Latin form, Leonardus, but he was baptised Leendert and presumably went by this name in his everyday life.

The pronunciation of Leendert's family name during his lifetime is also something of a mystery. His father's family was French in origin, but had been in the Netherlands since at least the 1650s. In modern Standard French Gaillard is pronounced /gaˈjaʁ/ ("gah-YAR", with a French "guttural" R), but the phonology has changed in several ways during the intervening centuries. Perhaps most notably, the letters "ill" in middle French were pronounced with a palatal lateral approximant (/ʎ/), which to an English speaker sounds like "l" and "y" run together, like the "li" in "familiar"[3]. This was clearly the case when the name arrived in the Netherlands, as it is sometimes rendered "Galjaard" or similar in documents from the seventeenth and eighteenth century, indicating that the use of /ʎ/ was preserved among the Dutch Gaillards even after the sound had changed amongst native French speakers. Leendert's own brother Izak would spell it Galjard, and there are a good number of Dutch people today who have the name with this spelling[Note 2]. Leendert however would spell it Gaillard, and his children followed suit.

To complicate things further, the phoneme /g/ is not used in Dutch, and the letter g has been pronounced /ɣ/ since the medieval period[5] (like the "ch" in Scots loch, but voiced, as /g/ is to /k/). Therefore a native Dutch speaker in the eighteenth century might have pronounced the name something like /ɣa'ʎard/. Leendert was at least the third generation of Gaillards to have been born in the Netherlands, and they had been attending the Dutch reformed church since at least the time of his grandfather's baptism, not to mention the fact that Leendert's mother was from a Dutch family. I am almost certain that by this point they were speaking Dutch at home, although whether or not they recalled the French pronunciation of their name is another matter. Family lore states that our more recent Gaillard ancestors (the last of whom died in 1904) pronounced it more or less like the contemporary French[6]. However as we have already seen, the name retained the historical /ʎ/ in the eighteenth century. If our Gaillards were pronouncing it like their French counterparts in the nineteenth century, with /j/ instead of /ʎ/ and /g/ instead of /ɣ/, it was probably a deliberate affectation derived from knowledge of modern French. As for Leendert himself, my belief is that he would have grown up pronouncing it /ɣa'ʎard/, or similar.

Leendert's siblings at the time of his birth were Izak, (b.1729), Adriaan (b.1733) and Anthonia (b.1738). A younger brother, Nikolaas, was born in 1745. Their mother was from a Roman Catholic family, but they were baptised into and presumably raised in the Dutch Reformed Church. Their father's family were of probably of Huguenot origin, but as previously noted they been in the Netherlands for at least ninety years at the time of Leendert's birth, and were aligned with the Reformed Church for at least that long[Note 3].

I have not been able to discover how Leendert's parents made a living, and the family's economic status is a matter of conjecture. Both Leendert's older brothers would end up in careers related to ports or seafaring[Note 4], so it seems likely that their father did something similar. A 1761 address record places Leendert and perhaps the whole family on Elsemoerstraat[7], which sat next to the docks, arguably backing up this theory. Elsemoerstraat was a narrow, crowded collection of houses, although not necessarily a slum, as it was the location of the prestigious Prins van Oranje hotel[8].

Leendert almost certainly had some form of primary education. There was good educational coverage in the Netherlands at the time, and there were limits set on the fees schools could charge, making them more accessible to lower-income families. Rather than pay a single fee for an entire curriculum, different subjects were priced individually. For example, it typically cost around four stuivers (1/5 of a guilder) per month to teach a child to read, but a further six to teach writing, and eight to twelve for arithmetic[9]. Leendert was able to clearly write his name, and his later career probably necessitated a decent level of numeracy, so it seems likely his parents paid for him to learn all three of these principle skills.

During his lifetime Leendert would witness several major political upheavals. The first of these occurred when he was six years old, when panic over a French incursion into Dutch territory led to an outpouring of support for the stadhouder, the on-and-off hereditary ruler of the Netherlands. In the spring of 1747 there were major public demonstrations in which people waved orange flags and wore orange ribbons, pressuring the government into installing Prince of Orange William IV as stadhouder and bringing to an end decades of republicanism. The Prince arrived in Den Haag to take up office, where he was greated by cheering crowds[10].

In January 1848 Leendert's sister Anthonia died, aged nine. A few months later his youngest sibling was born, and named Anthonie like their father. Tragedy hit the family again as the baby lived only a couple of weeks. It is not clear if the next youngest child, Nicolaas, was still alive, as I cannot find him on any later records. Leendert was perhaps not so close with eldest brother, with there being such an age gap between him and them. Izak was married and starting his own family by the time Leendert was fifteen, and if he had indeed pursued a nautical career, he had probably been frequently absent in the years before that. At some point Adriaan relocated to Rotterdam, where he would eventually become a harbour master.

Leendert was further differentiated from his brothers by career path. While they were drawn to the docks, he would become a saddlemaker. He probably started in his teens, but we have no record of his apprenticeship or early career. He may have begun his career with Frans Nieuwerkerk, a master saddlemaker twenty years his senior, who would eventually become Leendert's business partner. The earliest evidence I have of him working for Mr. Nieuwerkerk is from 1785, but it is implied that Leendert had been in his employ for quite some time by that point. Despite the job title, the work probably involved not just the production of saddles, but also harnesss parts and carriage fittings as well[11].

On 29 March 1761 Leendert was initiated as a lidmaat - an official adult member - of the congregation at De Grote Kerk[12]. Despite the Gaillards' long association with the church, Leendert appears to have been the first of his immediate family to take this step. There would have been a ceremony for him and other prospective lidmaten, in which each candidate would have to recite a catechism to demonstrate their knowledge of scripture[13]. It is the record of his admission which gives us the address of Elzemoerstraat.

Leendert's mother died in November 1765 from a respitory illness. It is not known if his father was still alive at that point, since no burial record for him can be found. If Anthonie did indeed follow a nautical career, he may have died at sea. Leendert's brothers Izak and Nicolaas also lack burial records. The former was alive until at least 1791, but the latter does not appear on any known records as an adult.

Marriage and Fatherhood 1765-1784

It is not obvious how Leendert could have met his future wife, Gelina Johanna Groneman. She was baptised into the Evangelical Lutheran faith, and while it is not known whereabouts in Den Haag she grew up, her parents married at the Scheveningsche church, which is at the opposite end of the city to Leendert's recorded address of Elsemoerstraat. An Albertus Groneman was then the organist at the Grote Kerk, but the shared surname seems to have been coincidental. Both were of German origin but Albertus had been born in Cologne[14] whereas Gelina's father had emigrated from Herzberg, in Saxony. Gelina's mother was from a French family, but since that family had moved to Den Haag from elsewhere in the Netherlands, and since the Gaillards did not attend a French church, this is probably not a significant enough fact to bring the two families together.

Leendert and Gelina were almost the same age, both having been born in 1741, so they may even have known each other since childhood. The fact that they married relatively late suggests that they were waiting, perhaps for Leendert to be well-established enough in his career that he could afford to provide for a family. Their wedding was on 3 May 1772[15], at the Scheveningsche church where Gelina's parents had married a generation earlier.

Their first child was born the following year, and named Helena after Leendert's mother. She was baptised at the Grote Kerk, as all Leendert and Gelina's children would be, and Leendert's brother Adriaan and his wife Adriana visited from Rotterdam to act as witnesses. Helena was followed in 1775 by Johanna Frederica, who took her names from Gelina's mother and sister. Appropriately her baptism was witnessed by Gelina's mother. Their third child arrived in 1778 and was named Antonie after Leendert's father. Leendert and Gelina this time appear to have forgone having official witnesses for the child's baptism, the only time they would do so. Antonie and Helena would be the only children of Leendert's who had names from his side of the family.

Leendert's fourth child was Johannes Augustus, born in 1780. He was named after a cousin of Gelina's, who was married to her sister Frederica Christina, with the said cousin and sister acting as his official witnesses. He became the first of Leendert's children to die, living for less than two months. He was followed by Augusta Hendrica in 1781, whose middle name does not appear to come from either side of the family. Her baptism was once again witnessed by Gelina's cousin and sister. She lived for only a couple of weeks. The couple's final child was born in 1784 and named Jan Frederik, which was probably a tribute to the Gelina's relatives Johannes Augustus and Frederica Christina, who yet again performed witness duties at the baptism.

Leendert and Gelina's remaining children - Helena, Johanna Frederica, Antonie and Jan Frederik - would all survive into adulthood.

Besides the births of his children, few other facts about this era of Leendert's life are recorded. As he entered his forties, it appears he was increasingly seen as a responsible figure within the community. In 1783 he was named as an executor on the will of a widow named Johanna Rijlen[16]. It is not clear how she was known to Leendert, nor have I been able to find out when she died and Leendert was compelled to carry out his duties as executor.

A Master Saddlemaker in turbulent times 1785-1813

By the mid-1780s Leendert had apparently attained a level of profieciency in the saddlemaking business that his employer, Frans Nieuwerkerk, regarded him as a capable successor. In July 1785 Mr. Nieuwerkerk drew up a contract stating that, at a time of his choosing, he would give half his saddlemaking shop to his son Pieter and the other half to Leendert. The shop would be run as a single business, with both parties contributing equally to operative costs and both taking an equal share of profits[17]. There is no indication of when Mr. Nieuwerkerk enacted these conditions other than that it would be no sooner than the beginning of 1786, but at age 65 it seems he was making plans to retire before too long.

These developments in Leendert's career took place against the backdrop of civil and political turmoil in the Netherlands. Growing dissatisfaction with the current regime gave rise to the patrioot movement, typically made up of merchants and tradespeople who opposed the stadhouder (Willem V, son of the prince who had been given the position in 1747). They organised themselves into militia groups known as vrijcorps or exercitiegenootschapen and would hold demonstrations in major cities, sometimes wealding considerable influence despite being a minority movement. In the more pro-stadhouder Den Haag in December 1783 a crowd of Willem V's supporters let off fire crackers and brawled with local patriotten. It was enough to scare Dutch lawmakers into banning Orangist demonstrations[18].

Despite being the sort of middle-class tradesman who typically made up the rank and file of the vrijcorps, Leendert was evidently on the side of the Orangists. He was a member of the Haagsche Schutterij, a more formal city militia which predated the vrijcorps by several centuries. The schutterij companies had declined considerably since their heyday of the eighty-years war with Spain, and were now mostly reduced to ceremonial duties. This sorry state had itself inspired the formation of the vrijcorps as more dynamic rival organisations[19]. Nevertheless the schutterij persisted as a symbol of loyalty to the current regime. In June 1785 the Haagsche vrijcorps demanded a designated area to carry out their "exercises". This time the city court sided against the patriotten, ruling that the schutterij would carry out its own exercises once a week, and vrijcorps members were welcome to join them. Predictably this resolution had little impact, and the competition between the two militias continued[20].

The threat of the patriotten was serious enough that by September the stadhouder fled the city for his palace at Het Loo near Apeldoorn. The patriotten gained control of a number of cities around the country where they instituted democratic elections of officials, and for a time it seemed the Netherlands would descend into all-out civil war. After two years the Orangists would regain control with the help of the Prussian army. The stadhouder returned to Den Haag in September 1787 to be greeted by cheering crowds shouting "oranje boven!" ("up orange!")[21].

A published list of schutterij officers as of 1 January 1793 tells us that Leendert was an Adelborst (the lowest officer rank), in the first rot (squadron) of the Witte Vaandel ("white banner", one of six divisions of the schutterij). He was one of two Adelborsten in his rot, and one of seventy-two across the entire schutterij. Each division was associated with a particular neighbourhood of the city[22]. Although this is the earliest record we have of his being in the schutterij (full member lists do not exist, and the only other officer list to be available digitally is 1788, which he is not in), the fact that he did attain officer status suggests he had been a member for some time prior.

In October 1789 Leendert's old employer Frans Nieuwerkerk died[23]. The contract of 1785 had either come into force already, or perhaps its conditions were followed by default as a result of Mr. Nieuwerkerk's death, as Leendert would share the shop with Frans's son Pieter for at least a few years. The shop was located along Smitswater, a canal at the east end of the city.

The lidmaat record of Leendert's daughter Helena in 1791 also provides us with an address for the family. They lived on Denneweg, a street in the northeast of the city[24]. It had until relatively recently been a semi-rural lane, with seventeenth-century housing along its east side, and newer buildings from the latter half of the eighteenth century replacing fields on its west side. Some of the original houses on Denneweg are still standing today[25].

In 1792 comes more evidence of Leendert's good standing within his local community. He acted as witness to the inventorying of the estate of a widow named Hendrika van Noppen. Mevrouw van Noppen appears to have been quite wealthy and her list of goods stretches over dozens of pages. There is no clear connection between her and Leendert. Leendert was now using the latinized form of his name - Leonardus - on official documentation, although when signing his name he in fact spells it "Leonardis"[26].

Leendert became a grandfather in April 1793, when his daughter Helena gave birth to her first child, Hermina Anthonia. Helena's husband Hendrik Kerpestijn was a coachman, so she had probably met him either directly or indirectly due to the overlap between his work and Leendert's. Helena's second child was named Johannes Leonardus, and Leendert and Gelina acted as his godparents. Sadly this child - the first to be named in Leendert's honour - lived for only ten months.

These continued to be politically unstable times, and in the bitterly cold December of 1794 an alliance of French troops and Dutch patriotten crossed the frozen river Waal to occupy the Netherlands[27]. The stadhouder fled to England, and a new state called the Batavian Republic was established, ostensibly to the democratic ideals of the patrioot movement but in effect a client state of France[28]. Den Haag, long a bastion of Organism, became the last municipality in the country to accept the new regime. Its regents ignored repeated threats from French military command, remaining in power until February 1795, weeks after most other cities had capitulated[29].

While many Dutch citizens regarded this as a liberation, we can assume that Leendert was very much not among them, his association with the schutterij placing him in the Orangist camp. Unsurprisingly, the new authorities had the schutterij disarmed and disbanded[30].

Other aspects of life appear to have continued unchanged. Helena had two more children, and for each Leendert and Gelina acted as godparents. Leendert continued working as a saddlemaker, his elder son Antonie eventually joining him in the trade. In November 1795 the two of them acted as witnesses to the will of Maria van der Velden, yet another widow whose connection to the Gaillard family remains mysterious[31]. It should be noted that Leendert did not stand to gain anything from the wills of these women, and his role in them seems to be nothing more than that of a trusted individual.

A short newspaper notice from February 1798 offers for sale "four beautiful, large, six-year-old Frisian black coach horses", with enquiries to L. Gaillard, saddlemaker[32]. Leendert's business operations apparently involved more than just the manufacture of saddles, and perhaps always had done, as the contract he signed in 1785 with his employer mentions a coach house at the Smitswater premises. It seems unlikely to me that Leendert and his employees manufactured carriages themselves, since that would surely require quite a different set of abilities. However he may have sold used carriages (perhaps using his leatherworking skills to reupholster them), or he may have used his shop front to sell them on behalf of someone else. The fact that the notice only mentions Leendert and not Pieter Nieuwerkerk could indicate that he was now working independently. Pieter's mother's will, written in 1792, states that Pieter and Leendert were then running the shop together. It appears however that the building itself had remained in the Nieuwerkerk family, as she bequeathed the premises entirely to her son. She died in 1801[33].

Another newspaper notice from April 1805 perhaps confirms that Leendert had his own business separate from Pieter. This time he was selling "for a modest price, a very neat coach for four persons, almost new, with Trijp [Utrecht velvet] lining and mounted plate". This time the sellers were "L. Gaillard and son, master saddlemakers". The son was presumably 26-year-old Antonie. Jan Frederik, as well as perhaps being too young to have attained the level of a master, would follow a different career path, becoming a teacher.

Meanwhile, inhabitants of Den Haag continued to be mostly unwilling subjects of the Batavian Republic. Tensions flared in 1803 as the city erupted in anti-French riots[35]. I wonder how easy it was for Leendert to reconcile sentiments towards the current regime with his own French heritage, and whether his family name ever drew any resentment or discrimination from his neighbours. There is certainly no evidence that his business suffered. It may be that with his being a veteran of the schutterij, his reputation amongst the Orangists was unassailable.

The Batavian Republic came to an end in 1806, in rather strange circumstances. Napoleon Bonaparte, now Emperor of France, wanted to bring the Netherlands more firmly under French control, and thus pressured the Dutch government into accepting his brother Louis as their king[36]. To Napoleon's consternation, Louis took his role as Dutch head of state very seriously, learning the language and promoting arts and culture. As a result he became immensely popular among the Dutch populace[37], and Leendert himself may even have identified somewhat with Louis as someone with French roots who nevertheless aligned himself firmly with Dutch institutions.

We have just one direct record of Leendert's life during the reign of Louis Bonaparte. In January 1808 he and Gelina witnessed the baptism of their grandson Leonardus Gelinus Johannes Gaillard, the firstborn child of their own youngest, Jan Frederik. This was the couple's first grandchild to appear after a gap of nine years. Second daughter Johanna Frederica was yet to marry, and while elder son Antonie did marry, he and his wife had no children.

Napoleon would eventually tire of his brother's refusal to run the country in accordance with imperial interests, and in 1810 he had Louis recalled to Paris and the Netherlands annexed into the French Empire[38]. There are no events of note in Leendert's life from the ensuing years of direct French rule, besides the births of a few more grandchildren, sons and daughters of Jan Frederik.

Leendert continued to work alongside his son Antonie. A record from 1813 tells us that there were then twenty saddlemakers in Den Haag[39]. This was nowhere near as common as trades such as smith or carpenter, but at the same time it was not a niche profession.

Predictably there was resistance to French rule, no less so in the Orangist heartland of Den Haag. Following news of Napoleon's failure to invade Russia, a "wanted"-style poster appeared on a city wall in January 1813 reading:

Missing: a certain party going by the name of Napoleon. Anyone providing information assisting in bringing him to justice will be rewarded with an orange cockade.[40]

Leendert may well have taken delight in such mischevious taunting of the occupiers, not to mention the sense that Napoleon's empire was beginning to falter, but that year would also be marked by grief on a personal scale. His wife Gelina died in June, at the age of seventy-one.

This would not be the only tragedy to befall Leendert's family that year. In order to keep the Dutch in check, French authorities had created a National Guard in March 1812. The ranks were formed of Dutch men recruited via conscription, a move that only served to further anger the unruly populace[41]. Among those conscripted was Leendert's son Antonie.

While it may have seemed that Leendert's son would be forced into collaborating, the formation of the National Guard would backfire on the French since not only were its members were largely opposed to their occupiers, they were now armed. By November 1813 the Den Haag National Guard, now calling itself the Oranje-garde (orange guard), had begun operating as a small resistance army. They briefly took the nearby city of Woerden, only for a company of French troops to retake it the following night in what became known as de ramp van Woerden ("the disaster of Woerden")[42]. Antonie was amongst those killed in the ensuing battle. Napoleon's grip on the Netherlands would last only a few more weeks, but as the nation rejoiced in its newfound independence, Leendert and his family mourned.

Final Years 1814-1819

With Gelina and Antonie dead, and younger daughter Johanna Frederica having married in 1812, it is possible Leendert now lived alone. His surviving children all lived within Den Haag however. Several more grandchildren were born throughout the 1810s.

Despite his advanced years, it appears Leendert continued to work until at least 1818, at least as nominal head of his business. The company continued to be known as L. Gaillard en Zoon[43], probably in memory of Antonie, although it is of course possible that Jan Frederik also had some role within the business despite also being employed as a teacher. Leendert's gradnson Willem, second son of Helena, was listed as a saddlemaker at least as early 1817, so it is seems likely that he was now working by Leendert's side in Antonie's place. Newspaper notices of this period state that the business was based on the High Street.

Johanna Frederica's youngest child was born in April 1819 and named Anna Leonarda, making her the third and final grandchild to be named in Leendert's honour. Baptismal records are not available for this period, but it seems plausible that Leendert continued to act as witness for most if not all his grandchildren born around this time.

It appears that Leendert finally retired in June 1819, with a newspaper notice advertising the mass sale of goods from his saddlemaking business, itemised as follows:

"... eenige fraaije en extra Goud en Zilver gepletteerde en wit Chineesch Koparen Garnituiten voor Tuigen en Rytuigen, Pleete Lantaarnen, Wolle en andere Singels, Paardenkleeden, Engelsche Vriesen, Dames en andere Zadels, Karrewassen en Reisgoederen; vooris een extra Brusselsche Coupékoets, zeer geschikt om op de reis en in de stad gebruikt te worden, met de daar by behorende Koffers, Vache en Reisgoed, een Arreslede en verdere Goederen meer."[44]

The above is rather difficult to fully translate as it seems to contain a lot of equestrian jargon, some of which may be outdated, but identifiable items include gold, silver and copper harness decorations; lanterns; saddles including ladies' saddles; a coupé carroage that was well suited to both the city and country roads; and a horse-drawn sleigh. Notably absent are any tools or production materials, these perhaps being left to his grandson Willem, with this notice appearing to be a sale of finished products only.

Those interested were told to enquire at Leendert's home address, this being "Hooistraat bij de Denneweg". This could be a new residence for Leendert, but I feel it is most likely to be a more accurate description of the previous address given simply as "Denneweg". Hooistraat was a short street off the southern end of Denneweg.

Leendert died at 9 o'clock in the evening on 11 December 1819[45]. On behalf of the family, Jan Frederik placed the following notice in the local newspaper:

Op den 11 December 1819 overleed in 's-Gravenhage, in den ouderdom van tachtig jaren, tot groote droefheid zyner Kinderen en Behuwdkinderen, de Heer LEONARDUS GAILLARD.
J.F. GAILLARD,
Mede uit naam van Broeders en Zusters.[46]

which translates as:

On 11 December 1819 in 's-Gravenhage, at the age of eighty[Note 5], to the great sadness of his children and children-in-law, Mr. LEONARDUS GAILLARD died.
J.F. GAILLARD
And on behalf of [Jan Frederik's] brothers and sisters.

Notes

1. Children in the Dutch Reformed Church were usually baptised on the first Sunday following their birth[1].
2. Galjaard and its variants are in fact somewhat more common in the Netherlands today that Gaillard. As of December 2024 the directory website telefoonboek.nl lists 646 Galjaards, 107 Galjaarts and 46 Galjarts for a total of 799, compared to 497 Gaillards. The spelling Galjard, which Leendert's brother Izak used in his own signature, does not appear to have survived at all into the present day.[4]
3. Leendert's grandfather Isaacq Gaillard was baptised at the Grote Kerk in 1661, as were his children and grandchildren. However Issacq's younger sister Sara was baptised at the Waalsche (Huguenot) church, so at that time the family presumably had loyalties to both congregrations.
4. Adriaan would eventually become a harbour master. Izak's occupation is not known for certain, but in a 1791 legal declaration he states that the subject of a disputed will served on a particular ship, something he would presumably only be well-placed to know if he had served on that ship himself or worked at the port.
5. Apparently Leendert's children were not aware of their father's actual age.

References

1. Hoitink, Yvette (2013): How soon after birth were children baptised?, Dutch Genealogy; accessed 24 Nov 2024
2. Grote of Sint Jacobskerk, Doopboek 1737 Aug 21 - 1746, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0377-01 1.1.1.1.1.14
3. Mooney, D. & Hawkey, J. (2019): The variable palatal lateral in Occitan and Catalan: Linguistic transfer or regular sound change?, University of Bristol; p9
4. www.telefoonboek.nl; accessed 5 Dec 2024
5. de Vaan, Michiel (2018): Historical Development of Dutch, Leiden Summer School in Languages and Linguistics; p60
6. This information has been passed down through the family by word of mouth.
7. Besoet, Iven (1747): Nieuwe Afbeelding van S Gravenhage
8. Den Haag Wiki; accessed 14 Dec 2024
9. Boekholt, P.Th.F.M. & de Buoy, E.P. (1987): Geschiedenis van de school in Nederland vanaf de middeleeuwen tot aan de huidige tijd, Van Gorcum, Assen/Maastricht; p24
10. Blok, P.J. (1901): Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk, Deel 3, Leiden; p457
11. The Saddler Through the Ages, Radermecker; accessed 24 Dec 2024
12.Kerkenraad van de Hervormde Gemmente te 's-Gravenhage, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0203-01 267
13. Brummelen, A van (1974): Belijdenis doen in de geschiedenis, De Waarheidsvriend
14. Moll, W (ed.) (1949): Jaarboeken geschiedkundige vereniging Die Haghe, 1948/1949 's-Gravenhage; p88
15. Scheveningsche Kerk, trouwboek 1755-1784, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0377-01 1.2.1.393
16. Minuutakten 1758-1804 (Notarieel archief), Haags Gemeentearchief, 0372-01 3926; p265
17. Minuutakten 1762-1814 (Notarieel archief), Haags Gemeentearchief, 0372-01 4203; p74-77
18. Schama, Simon (1977): Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813, Collins; p87
19. Ibid; p81-2
20. Huijbrecht, R. (1987): Het Hof van Holland en de Haagse Patriottenbeweging, published in Regionaal-historisch tijdschift 19e jaargang, nummer 4/5, oktober 1987; p212-3
21. Blok (1901); p648-9
22. Thierry, J. & Mensing, C. (1793): Almanach Op het Jaar onzer Chritelyke Tydrekeninge MDCCXCIII Geïnventeerd ten Dienste van de Schuttery van 's-Gravenhage, 's-Gravenhage
23. Index op persoonsnamen, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0377-01 9295; scan 33
24. Besoet (1747)
25. Denneweg 49 en 51, Monumentenzorg Den Haag; accessed 4 Jan 2025
26. Minuutakten 1759-1805 (Notarieel archief), Haags Gemeentearchief, 0372-01 4130; p182-202
27. Schama (1977); p186
28. Blok, P.J. (1906): Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk, Deel 4; p3-4
29. Schama (1977); p193
30. Ach Lieve Tijd: 750 jaar Den Haag en de Hagenaars, Gemeentearchief 's-Gravenhage - Uitgeverij Waanders, 1985; p3
31. Minuutakten 1769-1800 (Notarieel archief), Haags Gemeentearchief, 0372-01 4533 p234
32. De nieuwe Haagse Nederlandse Courant, 7 Feb 1798 (English translation mine)
33. Minuutakten 1762-1814 (Notarieel archief), Haags Gemeentearchief, 0372-01 4204 p495
34. Haagsche Courant, 17 Apr 1805
35. Schama (1977); p441
36. Blok (1906); p110-112
37. Ibid; p124
38. Blok (1906); p136-146
39. Jaarboeken geschiedkundige vereniging Die Haghe, 1913; p181
40. Schama (1977); p626 [translation Schama's]
41. Blok (1906); p159
42. Ibid; p85
43. Haagsche Courant, 8 Jun 1818
44. Haagsche Courant, 7 Jun 1819
45. Ambtenaar van de burgelijke stand van de gemeente 's-Gravenhage, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0335-01 1204
46. 's-Gravenhaagsche Courant; 15 Dec 1819

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